A maximum contact pressure is a key parameter characterizing a level of ecological impact of tractor propellers on the soil. The maximum pressure upon the soil varies with internal pressure in tires and vertical load of a wheel. An universal tire performance can be used at an assessment of change of contact pressure of a wheel propeller upon the soil. The authors offered a technique of definition and regulation of the maximum contact pressure of the wheel propeller upon the basic basis. This technique allows to set parameters for monitoring systems and regulation of the maximum pressure upon the soil by measurement of a tire deflection and change of pressure in tires. At statistical tests for determination of the maximum contact pressure it is necessary to consider the universal performance of the tire nomographically. This nomogram allows to consider visually influence of loading and internal pressure in the tire on a size of the maximum contact pressure. An internal pressure decrease in the tire makes it possible to reduce the maximum pressure upon the soil at constant loading. The authors investigated universal performances of the tires in the range of change of internal air pressure from 160 to 90 kPas. Change of internal pressure from 150 to 100 kPas reduce for the tire 15,5R38 the maximum contact pressure upon 13 kPas (9,6 percent): from 135 to 122 kPas. That corresponds to the admissible level of pressure upon the soil at its humidity in a layer of 0-30 cm: 0,5-0,6 minimum moisture-holding capacity during the spring period and 0,6-0,7 minimum moisture-holding capacity during the autumn period. In case of use of the tire 16,9R38 the maximum pressure upon the soil decreases from 84 to 75 kPas, that is by 10,4 percent.

Russian agrarian can increase corn production and not depend on import if they get more yield and reduce losses at all stages of a harvest cycle. A unified complex of modern highly effective, resource-saving technologies and technical means of harvesting and postharvest processing of corn is for this purpose necessary. The authors offered a concept of multilevel system approach to interconnected functioning of all subsystems of corn production (from harvesting to crop processing and storage) by criterion of resource-saving. Resource-saving technologies of harvesting of ear corn with thresh in a field and with getting of corn and corn cob mix. The minimum of cumulative expenses of energy when harvesting ear corn (1005.3 megajoule per tonne) is provided by technology with use of a self-propelled picker-husker. For harvesting with ear corn thresh in the field the rational technology (724.4 megajoule per tonne) includes harvesting by the combine with an axial and rotor threshing mechanism on the basis of new constructive and technological decisions. The most effective technology is corn harvesting with use on a forage corn and corn cob mix (638.5 megajoule per tonne). The authors developed a block scheme and mathematical model of optimization of parameters and operating modes of technical means. As a result of optimization modernization of the corn harvester provided decrease in energy consumption from 260.4 to 228.2 megajoule per tonne, or by 12.4 percent; increase of combine capacity from 3.4 to 4.6 ha/h, or by 1,4 times, improvement of grain output акщь 12.3 to 14.7 kg/s, or by 1.2 times. Optimum parameters of the unit: width of capture of a harvester made 8.4 m, the working speed of the movement - 6,6 km/h, the mass of the combine - 18180 kg, engine capacity - 224.8 kW, optimum terms of harvesting of grain corn - 8 days.

Fodder and straw harvesting units are equiped with material feeder of various designs which are applied for mass transportation from shredder. Transportation is carried out owing to action of centrifugal forces of the crushing drum and the air stream created by it. Thus, loss of the shredded mass on the way from a material feeder to the vehicle reach 15 percent. The main reason for the specified losses is blowing of mass particles from the air stream. A louver attachment of a new design decreases air stream intensity. The authors revealed possibility of losses reduction by the theoretical analysis and physical modeling of process of the air stream movement. Quasi-homogeneous substance inside a material feeder consists of the shredded straw and air which have density and pressure average on time and on canal section. To decrease air stream intensity the authors used the continuity and momentum equations. Thus, change of a substance mass expense or its density and speed was considered. This change was caused by separation of clean air. Tests of the developed material feeder showed that losses of the shredded straw were reduced by 40 percent. Thus a louver baffle fitted to the end of a material feeder decreased losses by 9 percent.

During operation of a gravity table separator it is necessary to consider a set of the interconnected technological parameters, each of which has an optimum value providing high overall performance of this machine. Optimum parameters of an operating mode of a gravity table separator with a productivity of 9 tons per hour were proved. The pitch and cross tilt angles of a screen deck, speed of an air stream, amplitude and frequency of fluctuations of a screen deck were defined. It was experimentally established that the pitch has optimum value of 7-10 degrees, tilt - 7-8 degrees. While meeting these parameters maximum efficiency of cleaning of the processed material was received. A size of a cross tilt angle of a screen deck influences thickness of a processed material layer on its working surface. So, at angles 7 and 4 degrees layer thickness respectively makes 40 and 60 mm in a middle part of a screen deck at the optimum kinematic mode. Excess of this indicator with respect to optimum size (30-40 mm) reduces overall performance of a gravity table separator. It was established that at the small aerodynamic resistance of underlying surface of screen deck (4 Pas) the changes of thickness of a layer on a screen deck surface significantly influence distribution of an air stream. For example, the coefficient an air stream speed variation on a screen deck with grain makes 42 percent, without grain - 17. At increase in aerodynamic resistance of screen deck underlying surface (700 Pas) the variation coefficient of an air stream on a screen deck with grain makes 6 percent, without grain - 19. Revealed that the increase in aerodynamic resistance of screen deck underlying surface reduces dependence of distribution of an air stream on thickness of a layer of the processed material. The sequence of setting of operating mode parameters of a gravity table separator providing high efficiency of seeds cleaning was stated.

In agriculture products of pyrolysis of plant materials in the form of waste of the main production can be applied as a source of heat and electric power. Besides, their use prevents ecological pollution of the soil and the atmosphere. Pyrolysis plants can be used for work with tubular reactors anywhere. Due to them farmers can dry grain, using waste heat of diesel generators, heatgenerators, boiler plants and receiving thus gaseous products, liquid and firm fractions. A technology based on cyclic and continuous plant mass movement by a piston in a pipe from a loading site to a place of unloading of a firm phase consistently through cameras of drying, pyrolysis, condensation of gaseous products. Exhaust furnace gases with a temperature up to 600 degrees Celsius are given countercurrent material movement from a power equipment. The gaseous, liquid and firm products from the pyrolysis camera are used for heat and electric power generation. Calculation of parameters of subdrying and pyrolysis cameras is necessary for effective and steady operation of the tubular reactor. The authors determined the speed of raw materials movement, and also duration of drying and pyrolysis in working chambers. An analysis of a simplified mathematical model of process was confirmed with results of experiments. Models of heat treatment of wet plant materials in tubular reactors are worked out on a basis of equality of speeds of material movement in the reactor and distribution of a temperature front in material on radius. The authors defined estimated characteristic for determination of tubular reactor productivity and size of heat, required for drying and pyrolysis.

One of necessary vegetable cultures in agricultural production is onion which production has to satisfy requirements of the population. The most responsible operation at cultivation of bulbous cultures is planting of bulbs as receiving qualitative products requires uniform distribution of bulbs focused by a stem down along a furrow. Covering working elements affect the provision of bulbs in a furrow at their planting. The authors justificated a design of the disk covering elements in onion planter, worked out a design of laboratory installation and a technique for carrying out of researches. Several options of working elements designs were studied: smooth spherical disks; spherical disks with straight soil guides; spherical disks with curvilinear soil guides. The uniformity of distribution and quantity of the down stem bulbs covering with use of curvilinear soil guide disk are bettr than with use of rectilinear ones pochvonapravitel or smooth spherical disks, on average by 2.6 and 1.8 percent respectively, in a speed interval from 0.8 to 1.2 m/s. The quantity of the stem down bulbs covering by the soil makes 95 percent, and uniformity of bulbs distribution equals 93.8 percent when using disk covering working element with curvilinear soil guides at a speed of 1 m/s and the angle of 25 degrees between the horizontal diameter and the direction of disk forward motion.

Working elements of machines constantly or pulsewise interact with some of objects in raw materials with a difficult configuration (a root or tuber crops, vegetables, fruit, grain, soil peds) when performing technological operations in agricultural production. Expression of mechanical system by mathematical functions is needed to describe analytical such interaction. However, there are no universal methods of the description of various surfaces limited by quantity of ratios, except for spherical, cylindrical or ellipsoidal. The authors established the principles of research of deformation behavior of elements of mechanical systems described by a set of variable parameters. Physical model of the soil consisting of spherical peds was usd for this purpose. The authors gave the principles of numerical research of deformation behavior of a spherical soil ped under the influence of a disk working element of the soil-cultivating tool at change of a high number of parameters. Research of systems of analytical models of the second order with variable coefficients in partial derivatives with a set of input and output parameters can be effectively realized by numerical methods with use of the special varargin and varargout functions. Besides, theoretical value of deformation of the soil ped can be determined by numerical methods of MatLab system with use of the developed software. It is necessary to compare the limit value of deformation of the soil ped defined in laboratory conditions with theoretical one and to establish required kinematic and design data of a disk working element and the soil-cultivating tool.

Questions connected with a solution of a problem of providing plants with nitrogen by means of nitrogen-fixing biological preparations application were considered. Requirements to quality of organo-bacterial fertilizers preparation on the basis of composts and the nitrogen-fixing biological preparations of Extrasol group were stated. Theoretical and experimental researches for justification of possibility of biological products application together with peat-manure composts were conducted. A project of technological process and experimental facilities for organo-bacterial mix preparation with a set quality level of biological product distribution in compost were developed. In the course of experiment the time length of mixing was modified from 1 to 12 min. There were set the values of rotation frequency of a rotor mixer: 40, 60, 80 and 100 rpm. Uniformity of biological product distribution in the mix was estimated by coefficient of a variation of a control element for which sugar beet seeds were used. It was revealed that quality of biopreparation distribution in the compost mass depends on the rotor mixer rotation frequency and time length of mixing. At the constant mixing time with increase in frequency of rotation quality of distribution in the mass of the control element estimated by variation coefficient at first decreases, and then at achievement of the frequency of 65-70 rpm it starts to increase. Quality of distribution is influenced positively also by time length of mixing. With the constant frequency of rotor mixer rotation uniformity of mixing was stabilized after 3-4 min. When facilities loading to 50 kg of mix (49 kg of compost +1 kg of a biological product) the coefficient of a control element variation characterizing distribution quality made 10-13 percent with a frequency of rotation of 65 rpm and time of mixing of 3 min.