Formation of tractors park and its perspective development are carried out on the basis of realization and improvement of the scientifically based types range constructed on a traction classification sign which conforms to requirements of agricultural production when performing two main conditions: full meeting the requirements for various standard sizes of tractors applicable to conditions of the corresponding zones of Russia and continuous reproduction and development of tractor fleet, both by quantity of efficient machinery and its structure. The developed types range practically runs the gamut of organizational and economic and climatic conditions, and also all range of forms of the organizations using machinery, beginning from individual consumers, small and large rent and contract collectives and finishing large-scale enterprises and their associations. Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat) information about a steady tendency of fleet reduction was used for studying of regularities of development of tractor fleet. This information was added by analytical synthesis of data about the annual brand purchases in the Russian market of agricultural tractors. The developed database shows a share of the tractors in fleets of agricultural organizations, which are used over depreciation term, and also minimum necessary number of new machines introduction for formation of volume of tractors with limit age and the total quantity of tractors necessary for minimization of set of expenses. It was established that it is possible to estimate visually the developed quantitative and age structure of tractors fleet and to predict its development on prospect by worked out database representing set of annual tractors brand lines purchasing.

Agricultural machine and tractor units operate in the conditions of the variable action caused by the numerous disturbance having casual character. In this regard optimization of unit operating modes at disturbance stochastic nature is necessary. The problems of control of the agricultural unit (AU) solved by means of electronics subtending existence of universal system of receiving and use of information display. It was showed that at processes control automation proceeding at AU operation the following problems are solved: regulation of position of working tools of mounted and trailing machines, norms and uniformity of agricultural materials application into the soil on width of capture and depth depending on movement speed; automation of power transmission of AU; regulation of engine load; control of technological, power and operational parameters, including automation of MTA driving. The modern AU control system was synthesized. Several program levels were allocated in structure of AU control and management. It was showed that at the first level direct control of the unit in really measured parameters is exercised. The second level connects operations of control of the operated systems. Optimization procedures belong to the third level. Driving is one of the important parameters connected with unit operation. Established that at the mobile unit movement it is influenced by the casual disturbance of the fundamental (with the period of 100-200 m, with an amplitude of 5 m) and phase (the period of 17-30 m and amplitude - 0,1 m) oscillations resulting from variation of specific soil drag, width of capture and cultivation depth. It was proved that at creation of automatic control systems of it is necessary to consider casual character and ergonomics of disturbance.

A process of functioning of the hydrodynamic mixer which mixes streams of biodiesel fuel from Jatrofa oil of the increased acidity with carbon dioxide for its washing was considered. The regularities revealing interrelation of parameters (diameter and length of the mixing camera), the modes (pressure and stream speed) with properties of the environment (dynamic viscosity, density, elasticity) and power indicators of process (intermixing capacity) was obtained. On the basis of a method of similarity and dimensions of physical quantities criterion of stream turbulence was received, modes were determinate, diameter of the mixing camera (30-35 mm) was recommended. Stream pressure decrease and intermixing capacity at increase in pipeline diameter were established. When diameter is more than 30 mm, so pressure intensity modification is the smallest and dependence become like linear function. The intermixing capacity increases most intensively (by 1.5 times) with reduction of mixing camera length from 15 to 10 mm and it ceases to decrease at 30-35 mm. When pressure on a cut of a nozzle corresponds critical, carbon dioxide in the mixing camera gets liquid properties, dissolving in biofuel, and mix becomes quasihomogeneous. The revealed criterion of stream change modes from supersonic in the subsonic allowed to define a condition of quasiuniformity of mix. It was proved that the supersonic stream formed thus «liquid-gas» is transformed in subsonic, accompanied at acoustic effect of cavitation with a intermixing due to isentropic jump in pressure. There were proved physical and chemical data of process of cavitational impact of carbon dioxide on biodiesel fuel as a result of which properties of the environment improve owing to structurization of molecules of solution that positively influences mixing. A design of the hydrodynamic mixer was recommend.

The water additive to fuel became one of effective ways of the solution of the main problems of the piston internal combustion engines (ICE) as it reduces thermal factor of the engine, toxic emissions of exhaust products, and also increases efficiency by some operating modes. The way of fuel and air mix with water feeding in the combustion chamber has a great influence on process of combustion. Experimental installation for obtaining comparative characteristics of the main methods of water supply in the ICE combustion chamber was created. It was defined that there are two ways of water supply in the combustion chamber. At the first way water feed is carried out in the form of a water fuel emulsion which moves to the combustion chamber through a nozzle by means of the fuel pump with a high pressure. At the second way water arrives with air through the spraying element - the carburetor or a nozzle. This way is very simple in difference of emulsion feeding. The easiest way is nozzles application. It was established that the emulsion as the non-uniform highly dispersed fluid can be divide into components. Therefore it is necessary to use during the feeding system operation special emulsifiers with air for the uniformity water getting to the cylinder. The system for each nozzle opening at some point was offered. System of feedback with sensors of exhaust gases temperature in a final collector for adjustment of duration of injection was worked out. It was showed that at the developed experimental stand it is possible to carry out tests at various power modes. As result it will be possible to estimate both ways of fuel and air mix with water feeding.

Methodical approaches were analyzed for justifying of the field work terms. The concept of economically feasible dates of fieldwork was introduced. They could be more long-time compared with optimal, on condition of equality of the expenses connected with harvest losses because of delay of terms of field works carrying out and expenses caused by technical ensuring these terms. Thus, it is necessary to consider that terms of this or that technological operation don’t coincide for all fields. In addition, agricultural enterprises sowed rye, peas, barley, and other grain crops of different ripening periods: long-duration, intermediate and early. Assignment of costs for maintenance of a technological operation is carried out with taking into account the tractor and agricultural machines using by other technological operations. Analytical expression for determination of economically expedient terms of field works carrying out in the conditions of Siberia was achieved.

Numerous studies established that the average crop yield depends on the nature of distribution of fertilizer doses in the field. Unevenness of fertilizers diffusion of considerably worsens plants responsiveness, reduces technological and biological advantages of a yield, promotes accumulation of nitrates in crops, and also leads to environmental pollution. For distribution of mineral fertilizers centrifugal and rod units that adequately apply fertilizers but don’t guarantee the required quality of particle distribution on the field are most popular. However nonuniformity makes 25 and 10 percent respectively. In this regard the working out of technological processes and work tools for machines ensuring application of fertilizers adapted to the types of plants mineral nutrition and substantiation of means of control and management of technological processes are a significant scientific problem. The functions of the variation in the ejectors diameter in boom applicators for applying of additional and basic doses of solid mineral fertilizers were substantiated. As the result it was defined that the function of the ejectors diameter variation depends on the inner diameter of the rod, speed profile of the air and mineral mixture moving along the rod, the number of ejectors on the rod. Basic calculations were derived from the fact that for the normally system operate equality of air and mineral mixture stream entering and leaving the rod through the ejectors should be retained. The created pressure of the air and mineral mixture could be approximated by the Clapeyron - Mendeleev equation in isothermal movement and written in the Descartes’ system of Euler equations.

At potatoes digging up by the potato-digger with the serial digging working elements the wide ploughshares transfer large soil volume to the separating working elements uneven that leads to their overload. As a result loss of potato tubers increases and quality of unit operation worsens. The energy saving digging working element increasing productivity and improving quality of work was developed. It was proved that for increase in productivity and quality improvement of work potato-diggers should be sectionalized, consisting of the main ploughshares of the reduced width and the intermediate digging ploughshare being in a zone of inter-row spacings. It was established that the digging working element processes the necessary part of a ridge in which potatoes tubers are located, and transfers the minimum mass of soil layer to the separating elevator. For this purpose length of the intermediate ploughshare which is in a zone of inter-row spacings should be less, than of the main ploughshares. In the course of operating the intermediate ploughshare does not dig out a lateral zone of a potato ridge and a zone of inter-row spacings with the greatest density, and only pick up the fallen tubers from inter-row spacings and directs the main elevator. Width of the main ploughshare and its traction resistance were proved theoretically after study of physical and mechanical properties of a potato ridge. Width of a ploughshare should be within 43-45 cm, the traction resistance of one ploughshare - 2.96 kN, a ploughshare tilt angle - no more than 24 degrees, and ploughshare length - no more than 4.75 cm. The energy saving вigging working element processes soil of a potato ridge by 15-25 percent less in comparison with serial, the traction resistance of a ploughshare decreases by 14-24 percent, losses of potato tubers decrease, and also unit productivity increases due to its speed rising.

Much attention at an exhibition was paid to potato planters and self-propelled and hook-on potato harvesters, working elements for soil lumps and stones separating, haulm extracting. Propulsion systems of combines increasing their flotation ability were shown also. Heavy-load trailers for potatoes transportation with devices for decrease in damage of tubers were presented among the other models. Lines for postharvest tubers processing with automatic control of potatoes giving increasing quality of work, provides decrease in expenses, were shown at the exhibition. There were the field plots with flat surface were organized for machines shown. Operation of harvest equipment was shown in sequence: harvesters - field vehicle - line of postharvest processing - transportation to the consumers in heavy-load vehicles.