When plant refuse burning process of drying of fuel is transferred to the furnace camera. Drying of large particles of fuel from the very beginning proceeds in the period of the drooping combustion rate. At the same time the front of evaporation goes deep in material, volatile components and coke residual are separated and firing. In the conditions of convective and radiant heat exchange with the combustion gases which are in case of high temperature, the particle practically at once gets warm to a water boiling temperature. At the same time process of intensive evaporation of moisture which front moves deep into material begins. «Dry» and «wet» zones are formed in a particle. Warming up, separation of volatile components and their inflaming in «dry» zone begin in the course of a deepening of evaporation zone. Three periods of drying are provided for burning of a large particle of the wet fuel with a radius more than 1 mm: before inflaming of volatile components; visible burning of volatile components before inflaming of coke on a surface; the drying proceeding in parallel with coke burning-off. A certain location of an evaporation zone corresponds to each of these periods. And we can calculate particle dryness and drying duration. Summary time of drying represents duration of particle ignition. Processes of particles drying and ignition with different initial humidity and under various conditions of a heat emission were calculated. Drying, separation and inflaming of volatile components, as well as burning of coke residual take place at the same time in a large wet particle of plant refuse in case of arrival into the furnace camera. Duration of ignition is defined by end time of burning of coke residual and can be calculated according to complete drying of a particle. In the furnace unit TBR-2.0 drying and ignition of the wet soft plant refuse particles with a radius less than 0.25 mm takes less than for 2 s, drying with the subsequent ignition of particles with a radius of 1-3 mm continues 30 s.

The urgent tasks in agriculture are fuels alternative types use for grain drying and development of drying technical means, including furnace devices on plant refuse. The drying mode with the increasing temperature of the drying agent is considered as optimum for wet seed grain. Therefore, grain continuously variable temperature increase of the drying agent from initial to finite is used during warming up of a fire chamber. At the beginning the fire chamber is kindled by means of a liquid or gas torch, then solid fuel is given. In the furnace unit in case of submission of solid fuel of primary and secondary blasting there are cyclonic and vortex circuits in which solid particles circulate. When using of plant refuse as fuel the particles are dried and ignite, warming up of a fire chamber and the agent of drying which comes to a heater and to the dryer begins. The drying agent at the same time warms up a fire chamber and dries up grain which circulate in the dryer at the same time. On reaching standard humidity the dryer is transferred to a flow. The authors suggested to use for calculation of drying duration mathematical models of heating and cooling of a fire chamber on the basis of a heat balance and change of an enthalpy of the furnace camera. At the same time the first batch of grain is dried up in case of the ascending temperature condition along with warming up of a fire chamber. Combination of warming up of a fire chamber with grain drying o allows to lower fuel expenses by 15-20 percent as warming up of the furnace unit takes 1-1,5 hours. When drying the last batch of grain the descending mode is carried out. Along with cooling of a fire chamber there is a drying of grain at step-down temperature. Drying duration should be calculated on classical formulas. At the same time temperature of the agent of drying is accepted as average taking into account heat-up the fire chamber and the heat exchanger. The last batch of grain should be dryed up in case of the descending temperature condition. Process duration is defined by temperature of the dried-up material and the mode of cooling of a fire chamber. When calculating the expenditure of solid fuel we should consider costs of heat not only of grain drying, but also of warming up of a fire chamber that is function of thermotechnical parameters of a fire chamber and the dryer.

Increasing efficiency of power transmission lines is an important factor for providing agricultural objects with electric power. During the development power transmission systems, lines direct current, lines alternating voltage of industrial frequency and lines of alternating voltage high frequency have appeared. The author considers some features of operation power transmission systems over single-wire transmission lines operating at high frequency in range of 5-20 kHz. The system allows to transmit electrical energy on one wire with return through low-conductivity grounds due to the high frequency. To operate a single-wire power transmission system, it is necessary to arrange grounding. A distinctive feature work of grounding at a high frequency is that in addition to conductivity of soil, dielectric permittivity of soil layers also works. This makes it possible to reduce size of switches earthing or to transmit electrical energy through low-conductivity grounds with small losses. Calculations of efficiency of electric energy transfer are given. Efficiency of transmission electric power of 10 kW at a frequency 10 kHz through dry silica can be 96.5 percent. When the frequency is 50 Hz, so efficiency of transmission electric power will tend toward zero. Corrosion damages of the steel electrodes placed in an electrolyte on currents of various frequency were estimated. Effect of high frequency on circuit of grounding switches was studied. If the high frequency equals 2.6 and 100 kHz, so the corrosion of electrodes decreases by 15-20 percent compared to the frequency of 50 Hz, and by 60 times in comparison with a constant current. Therefore as grounding conductors of a single-wire power line it is possible to use not only special electrodes, but also agricultural objects.

Flax harvesting consists of serial technological processes: pulling, separation of seed bolls from stalks, stalks spreading out, turning during a rest, picking up of them and baling in large packages, loading, and transportation. One of the most important operations is seed balls separation from stalks. Determination of parameter of intensity of flex balls combing by deseeder operation is a little studied. Parameter of intensity of a separation doesn't show clearly its dependence on design features and an operating mode of the unit. The authors considered this relation by the example of the comb deseeder which has different tines on a ridge with accidentally decreasing spacing towards the end. The existing deseeders do not provide qualitative combings of flax stalks. Therefore, theoretical and pilot researches of the ridge comb deseeder were conducted. The program and a technique of researches of the comb deseeder were developed. The theoretical basics of intensity of combing by the comb deseeder are covered. The various factors influence damageability of stalks: geometrical parameters of tines, number of at the same time operating combs, sequence of combing, ratio of tines speeds and gripping conveyor. Characteristics of a combed layer, a flax maturing level, the weight-average values of efficiency of single influence belong to the factors influencing intensity of combing. In the flax harvesters LK-4A and LKV-4A with increase in frequency of the comb deseeder to 2.87 rpm and speeds of the gripping conveyor from 1.54 to 1.58 meter per second the intensity decreased up to 3.02 tine per centimeter, and combing purity increased up to 98 percent. So, intensity 3.02 tine per centimeter should be considered as minimum admissible, and combing purity should be increased no more than by 2 percent.

One of the most important properties that determine undercarriage layout on design stage is the soil compaction effect. Existing domestic standards of undercarriages impact to soil do not meet modern agricultural requirements completely. The authors justify the need for analysis of traction and transportation machines travel systems and recommendations for these parameters applied to machines that are on design or modernization stage. The database of crawler agricultural tractors particularly in such parameters as traction class and basic operational weight, engine power rating, average ground pressure, square of track basic branch surface area was modeled. Meanwhile the considered machines were divided into two groups by producing countries: Europe/North America and Russian Federation/CIS. The main graphical dependences for every group of machines are plotted, and the conforming analytical dependences within the ranges with greatest concentration of machines are generated. To make the procedure of obtaining parameters of the soil panning by tractors easier it is expedient to use the program tool - artificial neural network (or perceptron). It is necessary to apply to the solution of this task multilayered perceptron - neutron network of direct distribution of signals (without feedback). To carry out the analysis of parameters of running systems taking into account parameters of the soil panning by them and to recommend the choice of these parameters for newly created machines. The program code of artificial neural network is developed. On the basis of the created base of tractors the artificial neural network was created and tested. Accumulated error was not more than 5 percent. These data indicate the results accuracy and tool reliability. It is possible by operating initial design-data base and using the designed artificial neural network to define missing parameters.

Inter-row cultivators have some shortcomings: design is complicated due to placing on each section of a 4-unit (parallelogram) suspension of working tools; as the copying means use wheels which are mounted at distance from working tools, in other vertical plane, and have negative effect on variability of tillage depth; working tools are V-shaped hoes with a crumbling angle not more than 16 degrees. In the operation course the parts of a leg and a hoe, moving in the soil, raise it and throw to the side, creating not aligned surface grooves are formed, imposed moist soil. These processes are exacerbated by increasing the operating speed of the cultivator. The authors offered a resource-saving inter-row cultivator with a radial suspension of working tools. A flat plate spring was used as a beam. This simplifies the design, eliminates the horizontal oscillations of the working tools, provides a constant pressing them in the process. The working tool in the form of a flat lancet plowshares with a spiral fixed on the leg was designed. Operating width of a ploughshare is of 420 mm, thickness equals 4 (5) mm. The spiral with a diameter of 50 mm is made of a carbon spring wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm. One hoe is set instead of three-five tines on each section, that significantly reduces material consumption. A plough share with a spiral form the swinging-loosening element that provides creating a fine lumpy topsoil. The ploughshare performs the copying functions therefore the additional copying wheels are not required. Tests showed that the new working tool of a cultivator allows to operate qualitatively at a speed up to 14-18 km/h.

For soil cultivation with the cutting tools of agricultural machines we can allocate three main types of shavings: shift, separation and continuous chip. The shift is most accurately expressed on sandy soils, a separation - on clay and loamy, continuous chip - on humid soils with the high content of clay particles. In field conditions researches of regularities of cutting edges wear are complicated because of heterogeneity of physic and mechanical properties of the soil and the changing climatic conditions. At laboratory modeling of soil conditions we can make experiments independent of weather and season. For development of the artificial soil and depend modeling of edges wear we considered conditions of creation of model with use mechanics of abrasive wear. Have allocated The major factors defining character and intensity of wear were allocated. The wearing-out ability of abrasive particles is defined by the radius of the curve of their sharp ledges. This radius depends on the particle size. The hardness of the soil influences wear of the cutting details and characterizes penetration into it of the cutting elements, and degree of fixedness of abrasive particles defines shaving type. We conseeder the soil as the abrasive environment with the particles which are in a condition of non-rigid fixing and have an opportunity to move relatively each other or to turn on itself under the influence of normal and tangential stress. Type of shaving when soil layer destruction depends on a ratio of the normal and tangential stress characterizing degree of fixedness of firm particles. We conducted researches of physic and mechanical properties of the artificial soil on the basis of quartz sand and paraffin. Injection of the petrolatum into structure of the artificial soil reduces the hardness and degree of fixedness of firm particles, but the ceresin increases these indicators. The mechanical structure was changed due to introduction of dust-like cement and replacement of fractions of abrasive particles. We manufactured blocks of the artificial soil, melting paraffin at a temperature of 85-90 degrees Celsius and filling up in it a firm phase. Researches make it possible to choose options of the artificial soil for studying of the main regularities of soil cutting elements.

Application of modern technologies and innovative technical equipment at cultivation of grain-crops, including winter wheat, flax, clover and rape, causes actuality of carrying out the multivariable field test. The planned long-term field experience of determination of dependence of the productivity of the cultivated agricultural cultures on the set factors will allow to justify basic technological methods and confirm optimal parameters and modes of operations of innovative working tools for tillage, sowing and crop protection. By results of planning of field experiment width and length of a plot were 3 and 20 m respectively. At randomized placement for one crop cultivation 81 registration plots were necessary. The general size of the test field at a research of three factors with three levels of variation was 110 m width and 215 m length. Before conducting field experiment the authors fixed an initial condition of a soil profile, agronomical and biological characteristics of the soil. Change of soil properties of the and also crops vegetation was noted at of the end of carrying out studies of each series of tests. The main response of field experiment conducting was the productivity. On the basis of the received results more than 27 hectares will be cultivated to increase crop productivity by 17-19 percent owing to the saved-up soil fertility and introduction of innovative technological and technical means of cultivation. The developed recommendations will be realized at agricultural enterprises in the Tver’ region and in others regions of the of the Non-black earth zone.