One of the directions of increase in fertilizers efficiency is reduction of nonuniformity of their distribution across the field. Quality of fertilizer application decreases in particular because of diagram joining violation when distributions at adjacent passes of units. The authors detected dependence of size of diagrams overlapping at adjacent passes of machines for surface fertilization on quality of distribution across the field. Analytical researches define dependence of a dose of fertilizers application on the unit driving accuracy characterized by variation coefficient. Received mathematical model make it possible to determine admissions on overlapping of adjacent passages at the corresponding mean square deviation from optimum. These deviations limits depend on the set dose of application, limit of a deviation from it, the accuracy of driving characterized by a square deviation of overlapping and average value of a deviation from overlapping to optimum and also on the empirical coefficients characterizing a diagram of distribution of fertilizers on the general operating width. With reduction of a square deviation the limits of a unit deviation from the set operating width increase and reach a maximum when value of this deviation is equal to zero. The authors offered an algorithm of assessment of influence of size of diagram overlapping at adjacent passes of machines for application of fertilizers on quality of distribution across the field. Methodical approaches to justification of requirements to the precision positioning systems GLONASS/GPS were formulated.

The machine and tractor fleet (MTF) quality in farms is characterized by its of physical and moral aging. If a number of traktors in the fleet with the limit-exceeding service life is more than 60 percent, then the carrying costs for the equipment in good operating condition increases 1.8 times, the petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) consumption rises 1.5 times. Processes of fleet aging were followed by its reduction from 1365.6 thousand units in 1990 till 259.7 thousand tractors in 2013. The authors analyzed data on farms economy and production in Rostov region. The results of tests of mobile machines were carried out at the he North Caucasian test station under conditions of ordinary operation. The authors studied a MTF grade composition, identified main POL consumers, expenditure level, causes of non-production outlay. Tractors of the Minsk tractor plant make 35.6-37.3 percent that means the largest proportion in the structure of MTF in the surveyed farms. Oil filling-up in the engine reaches to 86 percent in the average total oil consumption by the engines of tractors. This fact indicates heavy physical wear of the cylinder-piston groups in the motor-and-tractor diesels. The amount of unproductive consumption and POL loss at machines operation depend on seal leakiness, the low quality of the production of parts, components, and assemblies of hydraulic systems.

About 80 percent of winter wheat is cultivated in cotton plants interrow spacings under the conditions of Uzbekistan. But commercial cotton cultivators for surface sowing of wheat into interrows are not equipped with special coulter. To create a new design of this tool for cotton plants row-spacings it is necessary to study their profile. The pilot field studies showed that soil bulldozing before a coulter increases at humidity of the soil less than 8-11 percent and hardness more than 1.6-2.0 MPas, and at humidity of 16-20 percent the building-up decreases. The depth of furrows in row-spacings should be 12-16 cm, nonuniformity in longitudinal sections is 3-5 cm for 14-18 cm optimum height of the soil layer at coulter operation. A geometrical form of a scoulter was designed, its technological and geometrical parameters are proved. For high-quality crops and formation of a seedbed the coulter should be 2-4 cm downward pulled. The optimum angle of the coulter wings placed in the longitudinal direction of the movement is equal 47 degrees, and between the wings it is 69 degrees. For row-spacings of 60 cm At the outer diameter of a seed tube of 3 cm, sowing depth of 5, a side spalling angle of 50 degrees 5 tines are recommended for row-spacings of 60 cm, and 9 units are optimal for row-spacings of 90 cm.

Analysis of mechanical drives groups in agricultural machines identifies relatively narrow range of types of transmission and units. Chain transmission are mainly used as mechanical drive of assemblies and units in grain and corn harvesters designs. Transmission roller chains are used in Vector 425, Acros 585, Torum 780 harvesters produced by combine plant «Rostselmash». The links wear during operation leads to relative elongation of middle chain pitch and reduction of reliability of the mechanical drive. To improve the drive reliability the authors proposed upgraded roller drive chain. Inserts are placed inside the hinges and form cavity for accommodating and retaining the lubricant, which guarantees lubrication of contacting surfaces of chain transmission during operation. Сomparative laboratory tests were carried out to study the relative elongation of the middle pitch of commercial and modernized chains. The authors presented experimental data and dependences of relative elongation of chains average pitch on the duration of the operation, which are approximated by second order polynomial. The speed of relative elongation of middle pitch of commercial chains is by 2.17 times more than of modernized one. The proposed modernization of the drive roller chain to perform the required set of functions without the redistribution between the elements and increase their functional load should be considered as functional redundancy to increase the reliability of the drive in the mechanical systems of agricultural purposes.

When engineering potatoes harvesting procedure for its optimization it is important to calculate precisely the quantity of machines, containers and workers who will be involved in harvesting process. This depends on the acreage and productivity. An output yield should be harvested in predetermined terms. Harvesting and transportation of potatoes in bags is obsolete technology which complicates and slows down process of harvest and transport operations. Agrarian introduce mechanization to reduce the level of manual work use or to exclude it completely. The authors offered container technology of harvesting, transportation and sorting of seed potatoes. The containers having identical amount and load-carrying capacity were made of different materials for check of this technology. Branded structure of the machines which can be used at harvesting was established. The main specifications were indicated. The authors determined shortcomings of the soft bags for potatoes harvesting and brought into focus benefits of containers use. The exact quantity of containers and machines for potatoes harvesting in the OOO Redkinskoye APC (Tver region) was calculated. The seed potatoes are grown there on 2.43 hectares. The time frames of harvesting were determined.

Scientists did not come to a consensus when studying the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the crop properties and the biometrics of various crops and optimal exposure time and wavelength. The authors studied the influence of UV radiation from a source VL-6.LC with a wavelength of 365 nm for 5 and 30 min for seeds of spring and winter wheat varieties. For seeds of each variety there is the optimum amount of the absorbed radiation energy resulting in the maximum effect. The stimulating influence of UV radiation is not revealed on the seeds of wheat variety Esther having low indicators of viability. The germination of other 4 varieties increased by 1-3 percent. However, biometric indicators of all studied varieties were improved after irradiation. The weight of all varieties wheat seedlings increased after 30 min of irradiation, but especially in case of Moskovskaya 39 and Yubileynaya 100 this indicator reaches up to 20 percent. Five-minute radiation did not caused the similar effect. Height of seedlings depending on the variety is many-valued. After 30 min irradiation this indicator in case of varieties Moskovskaya 39 increased by 30 percent, and of Yubileynaya 100, Dar'ya and Afina it accrues only by 3-5 percen. Root system depend on UV radiation. Root length of all studied varieties except Dar'ya increased up to 60 percent. Therefore the UV radiation does not affect the germination of seeds of the investigated wheat varieties, but significantly changes the seedlings biometrics. It is shown that the action of ultraviolet light is selectively and highly dependent on a variety. The winter wheat Moskovskaya 39 is the most susceptible variety when ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm for 30 min.

The group of scientists in Russian Academy of Sciences system has finished the next stage of creation, test and widespread introduction of import-substituting competitive machinery for antidroughty technology. They created the complex of technologically functional completely closed upgraded soil-cultivating and sowing machines for all soil climatic conditions in Russia. The offered technology with a complex of the domestic technics is more profitable than foreign one. Crops cultivation on this technology under drought conditions promotes reduction of import of main types of agricultural production. The foreign machines can not always operate on stubble fields in Russia. They are adapted only for prior soil tillage minimum technology. Domestic agrotechnologies with the machines complex adapted to local conditions, in comparison with the best foreign analogs, allow to increase twice productivity and yield, by 3 times to lower expenses of fuel and capacity requirement, by 4 times - metal consumption and by 5 times - resources. The developed technics complexes can be used for moisture-power-resource-saving environmentally friendly production technologies. The cumulative economic effect of use of the upgraded equipment on 1 million hectares of wheat makes 8-45 billion rubles.

Meliorative fleet replacement and expansion of lands areas of melioration systems during radical improvement of not used, degraded layland are the two interconnected directions. They can be provided during introduction of science based modern System of technologies and machines for the complex mechanization of meliorative works. This System is the most fully answering to a problem of import substitution of the food, carrying out monitoring of the market of digging and special meliorative equipment. The authors presented the review of realization of System of machinery during the period since 1955 so far. Machines test play a part in regulation of the meliorative equipment market. Improvement of basic technologies of performance of maintenance activities on melioration systems, along with addition with new operations, is possible by creation of the multipurpose combined machines with working tools which novelty is confirmed with patents. The authors proved the project of part of System of machinery for maintenance activities on melioration systems for the period 2015-2020.