In recent years, a large amount of technology and equipment of both domestic and foreign production for agriculture comes in Russia. However, neglected domestic printing techniques justification technical-and-economic level (TEL) used machinery and equipment is not given. The authors outline ways to improve efficiency of agricultural production with use of techno-economic indicators system aimed at machinery improving. TEL means the relative quantitative characteristic of the machines and the degree of improvement of its performance and economic indicators compared to the characteristics of the basic option. When carrying out researches the program and target principle, and also Bayesian approach in the conditions of use of small samples were applied. Absent the parametrical characteristic for the developed machines and equipment, as an indicator of technical and economic level serves the coefficient of completeness of information. It is determined taking account the list of indicators, their importance (ponderability), interpretation and the analysis of TEL that is necessary for development of recommendations for decision making. Use of a technique hypothesizes that the importance of single indicators relative to one characteristic is the same and is equal to one. As indicators have probabilistic character, the researcher should consider the values received in various conditions. TEL is the overall index of enhancement of the estimated machine or equipment and is calculated on the corresponding formulas and criteria. The technique allows to determine objectively TEL of the current and future machines and equipment, and the analysis of components gives the chance to reveal allowances of increase in efficiency of various technological means.

Water-retaining roughnesses (holes, non-continuous furrows, micro-lagoons) come into being on the field surface at its tillage. They prevent a backflow, an erosion on slope lands and improve moisture content the soil. However, in the last decades such methods of a soil tillage are not used and the equipment for them are not manufactured. The author offered a new method of soil tillge with strips interchange (subsoil tilled and with the vegetable remains which are covered by the soil) in which cutout spherical disks form water-retaining non-continuous furrows. For this purpose harrows with two-disk and three-disk sections were developed. Two-disk sections in a front row contain needle disks and one spherical, and in a back row - needle and cutout spherical ones, forming a stank in a furrow. Three-disk sections in a front row contain needle disks, and in a back row - two needle and cutout spherical ones. A furrow part limited to its stanks is 4-5 times longer than a stank. A nonmoldboard loosened strip is wider than a strip with the covered vegetable remains and a non-continuous furrow. However, the general width does not exceed 0.4 m. In case of conservation tillage by a harrow with two-disk sections with spaces between disks 180 and 250 mm and 10 cm deep spherical disk non-continuous furrows can save up 216 and 155 cub. m of water per 1 hectare, and with three-disk at the same spaces - 144 and 103.7 cub. m respectively. At a disk approach angle of 20 degrees and 14 cm deep disks the capacity of furrows increases by 1.6 times.

The main problem of soil secondary tillage is support of a tillage depth uniformity at the workingtools operation, fine-grained structure of a high layer and the smoothing without furrows and removal of the wet soil. The working tools allowing the machine to operate at the increased speeds are necessary, that will increasing its efficiency by 30-40 percent. The system of copying simplifying desingn and reducing variability of tillage depth requires the solution. The preseeding cultivators of the KPS-4 type are equipped with the 270-330 mm wide V-shaped tines and the 18 degrees crumbling angle. Tillage depth supported by the copying wheels. However, because they are distanced from working tools, it is impossible to achieve high uniformity of their course. Due to a crumbling angle and the shankes cutting a high layer the soil is opened out and wat layers remove up to the surface behind the shankes, that couses forrows formation. Their depth and width buildup with cultivator speed increase. The non-technological background for crops is created. The task is to exclude these negative phenomena by operation of the modern cultivators of the KPS-4 type. It can be solved due to mounting two-level V-shaped tines on the cultivator. The lower and upper ploughshares fixed on one shank. Both ploughshares are sharpened. They allow to refuse the copying wheels and to increase the cultivator operation speed to 16-18 km per hour. The upper ploughshare serves as the copying element. The tillage depth is stabilized because of the upper ploughshare as the copying element, and the lower ploughshare cutting weeds move in one plane. The tine point fixed over the upper ploughshare provides escape of the weeds cut with the upper ploughshare. It is promoted by its Moebius band surface. The innovative V-shaped tine executes technological process qualitatively. During field tests it is determined that the rate of soil crumbling reached 87-91 percent. If the technological effectiveness coefficient for ordinary tines is equal 0.4, then for offered it reaches 1.0. Application the spike-tooth harrow in the aggregate with a cultivator is excluded, the separate copying elements are not required that simplifies cultivator design significantly.

Researches of wear of agricultural machines working tools, especially soil cutting elements, in field conditions are complicated because of inconstancy of properties of soil mass. The authors developed the method of a research of materials wear with use of two stands. At the IM-01 stand flat grinded samples were tested. Wear was determined by weighing on analytical scales. The second stand (KPS) represented the circular soil canal in which placed the abrasive weight consisting of the particles of clay, sand and other components existing in real soils. Approximate assessment of coefficient of relative wear resistance for two-layer fragments of soil cutting blades was developed. This coefficient can be determined at the rotary soil stand directly only when comparing monometallic fragments of products (by their linear wear). In case of IM-01 stand the coefficient was calculated according to comparative data of weight wear practically for any materials. «Transfer» of laboratory researches results to real conditions of wear is possible only approximately: in practice the difference in the compared results equals 30-35 percent. Laboratory researches by the IM-01 stand were spent in case of loading 4.85 N during 0.5 h for each sample. steel 65G with the hardness of 40±2 HRC was used as a standard, corundum of fraction of 0.2-0.4 mm was as abrasive material. Rotary soil stand testing was carried out at a speed of rotation of the driving mechanism 40 revolutions per minute that corresponded to the speed of movement of samples 2.2 meters per second. The cutting angle of installation to a furrow bottom is similar to this indicator for a ploughshare and equals to 30 degrees. From the chosen materials and hard alloys the best results has taken a basis steel 50KhFA with hard PR-FBYu-1-4 alloy. In comparison with a reference sample, weight wear resistance increased by 2.9 times, and linear one risened by 3.5 times. Use of new materials with the improved characteristics of wear resistance can raise a resource of working tools, in particular ploughshares, by 2.5-3 times, at the same time efficiency by the principle «price - quality» can increase by 2.1 times.

High production costs of agricultural enterprises became one of the main problems of an agrarian industry. Special researches are necessary for minimization of costs due to implementation of information automated control system for the main objects of agricultural enterprise. Results of enterprises operation with new technologies were analysed. In new economic conditions work performance improvement, reducing downtime of technical means, increase in productivity and quality of the grown-up products directly depend on operating control in productive activity and management decisions on the basis of the complex analysis of situations, with use of the exact on-line information. A content of a program and technological complex was worked out for control system in sphere of operation of mobile and stationary objects at agricultural enterprise. The main functions of the integration software were specified. The authors offered an algorithm of creation of the centralized automated information control system in agricultural technology processes. The navigation satellite systems GLONASS/GPS can be used in all technological operations of agricultural production. Practical use of synthesizable system as much as possible minimizes influence of a human factor on agricultural enterprise management, promotes increase in production, improves quality of engineering procedures accomplishment.

Technical efficiency of agricultural resources use in Russia is assessed. As methodology for calculations the author used Data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is the nonparametric method based on linear programming. The essence of the DEA method consists in an efficiency evaluation of homogeneous units of decision making proceeding from creation on the basis of real data (amounts of resources and amounts of types of output) of general border of production capabilities. CCR-I model was offerd as a specific kind of the DEA model. It is the radial DEA model with continual returns to scale and orientation to resources. The group of 54 countries included in a research consisted of the states of the CIS, BRIC, the EU, OECD. The time frames of calculation were established: 1992-2007 and 2008-2012 (owing to lack of uniform data for all time interval). Аmount of agricultural products was used as output. Agricultural lands, an economically active population in agriculture, farm machines and the equipment, a livestock, fertilizers were used in the form of resources. The main source of statistical data is FAOSTAT. From 54 countries under consideration Belgium, Greece, Israel, Malta and the Netherlands became leaders in technical efficiency of agricultural industry in 1992-2007. Inefficient use of agricultural resources, especially lands was established as a result of the conducted research in Russia. On average efficiency of use of agricultural lands in our country can be increased by 8 times, work - by 2-2.5 times, machines - by 2-3 times, a livestock and fertilizers - by 1.5-2 times. Good tendencies to growth of efficiency of agricultural production are notice in 2008-2012.

One of the parameters affects the quality of sunflower harvesting is a combination of varietal characters. If the harvesting equipment do not meet to these trappings it would lead to a yield losses. The aim of this research is a plot combine sunflower header improving to provide stretching of sunflower stem regardless of plant length and harvesting sunflower varieties with branched inflorescence for preventing heads and seeds losses. Different types of plot combine header feeding devices were analyzed. As the result auger (screw type) feeder defined as a more reliable and simplest. The 2-row header prototype was constructed. Main adjustable parameters are collated to a botanical features of a harvesting plants. The stem cutting length is 5-10 cm for an ordinary sunflower varieties and 15-25 cm for a branched varieties. The new header losses do not exceed 0.15 percent for single seeds and 3.3 persent for heads in case of branched sunflower harvesting.

Officially approved machine technology of raw cotton harvesting in the modern conditions of agricultural production in the Republic of Uzbekistan does not make possible to mechanize in maximum this process with receiving qualitative cotton in a short time. A harvesting technology is effective, if more than 85 percent of cotton bolls are opened, and cotton-picker makes two passes. Thus, the second pass is carried out right after the first, but in an opposite direction. The authors presented results of field experiments, drew practical conclusions. The developed technology of picking, which basis the patent RUZ is, considers new forms of managing. Farms received practical recommendations about picking row cotton with necessary quality in a short time. In general they will be acceptable and for other cotton republics, next to Uzbekistan (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan).