Use of band seeding can be one of effective ways of achievement of this purpose. The authors developed a special pneumatic sowing device for simultaneous seeding of seeds of two crops in one row. The chosen for experiment cultures, soy and maize, have seeds with various size. A pneumatic system for service of two dosing elements was equipped with additional branch pipes, pneumatic seed ejector blade is applied instead of a metal one, so seeds damage eliminates. A disk created for simultaneous sowing of seeds of two crops has two pieces. Their moving relatively each other allows sowing scheme changing without replacement of disks. Key parameters of the sowing device should be determine to provide guaranteed filling of conic cells of the sowing disk and achievement of non-stop operation of the dosing system. Seeds feeding angle for conic cells equals 20-30 degrees. For a guaranteed filling of cells with seeds, length of the basis of a dejection cone should to be 60-80 mm, the relation of quantity of the seeds, which are taken out by a disk on a tape to number of disk turns equals 1.2-1.6 that depends on culture type. For soy with a small seeds, this indicator is less than 1.6. Corn seeds have smaller mobility of seeds and higher unevenness of process of filling of cells, so it is equal 1.4. It is possible to correct the sizes of the sowing device depending on a sowed culture. A seeds saving makes 20-30 percent.

Quality of sowing material considerably depends both on a biological condition of seeds, and on technologies and technical means applied by machine preprocessing. Thus, the caryopsides damages arising at mechanical and thermomechanical influence from working tools of machines and units have essential value. Besides damages of integrity of caryopsides covers there are traumatic changes their internal structures which are often hidden by covers and are not visible at visual inspection. The condition of internal caryopsides structures was researched by a radiographic method. Possible types of their traumatic changes were defined. Influence of the listed types of injuries on sowing qualities of seeds was estimated. It was revealed that seeds with endosperm bruising had reduced field germination rate, in comparison with intact ones, by 2.25-3.75 percent. It was defined that decrease in field germination of seeds having less than four internal cracks made 30.25-37.0 percent; for seeds with quantity of four cracks and more - respectively, 38.0-48.75 percent. It was noted that barley seeds in the first case reduced germination by the 37 percent; in the second - by 48.75 percent (for comparison, oats and wheat seeds - by 39 and 38 percent respectively). It was established that reduction of field germination by 1 percent reduces yield of spring grain crops by 1.5-2.0 percent, and winter ones - by 1.0-1.5 percent. The universal classification of traumatic damages of crops seeds internal structures was suggested.

Increase of efficiency of grain production, solution of problems of food security demand search and development of innovative technologies at all stages. One of ways of environmentally friendly production is sowing of seeds on an excipient located in the soil, for example, nonwoven fabric made of eco- decomposable decomposed biodegraded polymer. Biodegraded polymeric materials influence on sowing properties of grain crops seeds and provide realization of their potential productivity. The authors used an electroforming method with chloroform and a dichloroethane application to receive nonwoven fabric from poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and its compositions together with synthetic nitrile rubber (PHB-SNR). Polymeric material influences on energy of germination and viability of wheat seeds. Germination index is calculated, heat physical parameters are determined for the polymeric excipient. The major factor influencing seeds germination is a structure of nonwoven fabric. Water diffusion, its supply to seeds and their viability depend on morphological features of polymeric material. Polymer excipient structure influence on speed of development of root system on which, in turn, intensity of destruction of polymer depends. The best indicators of energy of germination and viability of seeds correspond to the greatest value of decrease of melting heat of PHB in mix PHB-SNR. In addition, among the studied samples of PHB-SNR the material received from blend of solvents is most effective. The cause is in feature of its structure favorable for a seed germination.

In the technologies of green fodder production from freshly harvested grass the moisture content control plays the important role in maintenance of high quality and decrease in losses of prepared fodder. The main field technique of moisture control is the dielectric measuring providing rapidity, comprehensible accuracy, simplicity of use and relatively low cost. The experimental measuring device for investigation of wet grasses dielectric properties based on the capacitive sensor and Agilent 4294А Precision Impedance Analyzer, over the electromagnetic field frequency range of 1-30 MHz, used for measurement of grass moisture content, was presented. Parameters of the flat ring capacitive sensor are studied, and a choice of it was proved. The necessary compacting pressure upon grass samples at calculation of their dielectric characteristics was determined. The problem of conversion the measured by the precision impedance analyzer parameters of a cable with the connected capacitive sensor into parameters of tested material has been solved. The preparation procedure of wet grasses to measuring was developed. The geometrical constant of the sensor was determined in the range of the used frequencies. It was determined the penetration depth of an electromagnetic field of the sensor into the tested material according to which the minimum thickness of the studied material layer under the sensor is limited. Dependences of grasses dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity in the chosen frequency range were experimentally investigated at various values of moisture content and compacting pressure. By results of researches of dielectric properties of grass plants in 2013-2014 a choice of working frequency of measurements in the range of 10-15 MHz and compacting pressure of the studied grasses of 0.31-0.5 N per square meter created by the device was proved.

A ploughshare is the most laden and fast-worn out detail of the arable unit. The authors developed and carried out operational tests of a new ploughshare with retracting face-mounted chisel. This tool meets all main European requirements for quality of soil tillage. A front surface of a ploughshare body has an evolvent form. As result, an angle of cutting edge decreases continuously in the direction from field to a slot part. Body and chisel edges are built up by a hard-facing alloy. A zone of a ploughshare nose part intended for deepening of the plow case has optimum value for plows of the types PLN-3…8-35. Parameters of middle back heel part allow to lower load of a ploughshare to the minimum traction resistance. The authors carried out field trials for determination of traction resistance depending on geometrical parameters of chisels, in particular from width and exposure of a chisel, and resource tests until a limit state on wear and breakages or in connection with the end of an arable season. Tests showed that on heavy soils with firm mechanical inclusions the resource of experimental ploughshares with a retracting face-mounted chisel exceeded a resource serial ones P702 with cutting edge welding by 3.0-3.5 times. The average operating time of experimental ploughshares was 3.0-3.5 times more than an operating time of serial ones. The effect from use of experimental ploughshares by criterion price-quality was 1.5-1.9 times higher than the serial ones.

One of modern methods of soil cultivation at reclamation of neglected field is layer-by-layer loosening of the top horizon by various working tools. Combined units have no removable tools. They are used not effectively both for primary cultivation and secondary tillage, and for reclamation of neglected field. This situation limits a scope of machines and reduces their annual loading. A combined unit for operations overlapping at presowing tillage have two-disk sections of frontal harrows, replaceable loosening working tools of subsurface plow and chisel type and replaceable tubular and toothed rollers. The authors developed agrotechnical requirements of design data of replaceable suspensions of disk sections, duckfoot sweeps and rollers. A placement of working tools on a universal frame provides an opportunity to have15 options of the unit for various agrotechnical and soil climatic conditions. A level of innovative development soil-cultivating the disk and duckfoot units is high, tools rather reliable and universal. Such machines operate different options of the primary and secondary soil cultivation for one pass, replace 4 one-operational machines. The mulch tillage by disk and duckfoot units replaces 2-4 passes of machine-tractor aggregates, saves 2-5 kg/ha of diesel fuel and 0.3 man-hours /ha of labor costs, productivity of winter and spring grain crops increases by 0.3 t/ha.

An analysis of production and application of mineral fertilizers in Russia revealed that that despite the steady growth of their release (18.4 million tons of active ingredient in 2013), agricultural enterprises used only 2.7 million tons of active ingredient: on average 38 kg/ha in arable land. Prospects of use of liquid nitric fertilizers (сarbamide-ammonia mixture CAM) with potential requirement of agriculture in 2030 about 117 thousand tons of active ingredient. The authors evaluated CAM use under production conditions in various soil and climatic zones of the country. An average increase of grain and row crop productivity at introduction of CAM made 10-15 percent, in comparison with ammonium nitrate, because of more exact dispensing (5 percent), uniform introduction (V is no more than 10 percent) and minimization of losses. An application of CAM under production conditions in JSC KlinAgro in the Moscow region showed high economic efficiency due to mixture contained these mineral fertilizers and plant protection products: labor input cut by 2 times, direct operating cost - by 2.5 times. Herbicide granstar rate can be reduce by 15 percent at its introduction with CAM in the form of mix due to a synergism of initial components. The authors developed machine technologies of the differentiated introduction of the liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) taking into account soil heterogeneity; introduction of LMF mixed with pesticides and retardants according to the main phases of plants organogenesis and results of vegetable diagnostics and a phytosanitary condition of crops; preparation of solutions and suspensions of fertilizers with a programmable ratio of nutrients for their simultaneous introduction during one pass of the unit.

The authors considered device and basic principles of technological line operation for complex fertilizers production on a basis of the humic ones. Its technical characteristics, analysis of the received product are given. Relevance of humic fertilizers application in the conditions of modern agriculture is opened. The most perspective of inexpensive organo-mineral fertilizers are humic (humates) and the complex fertilizers created on basis of them. Main active ingredient of such fertilizers are humic and fulvic acids. Humates, making a humus basis, influence structure of the soil well, increasing gas permeability and moisture content, reduce a soil erosion that in many respects determines its yielding potential and fertility. Their application promotes ecological improvement and a detoxication of the polluted lands, recultivation and restoration of the exhausted and infected lands. Humates absorptive radionuclides which are in the soil, pesticides, toxic substances and heavy metals in the insoluble and not acquired by plants connections and therefore provide ecological purity of production. We still have not in Russia industrial production of the specialized equipment for preparation of humic fertilizers from peat. Enterprises have to adapt for these purposes different types of processing equipment borrowed from other industries. However such equipment does not provide a necessary technological mode and reduces quality of fertilizers.

An indicator for an integral assessment of efficiency of a fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors is proposed. Its calculating consists in multiplying partial efficiencies together: technical and price efficiency of agricultural production, and eco-efficiency of a fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors. Using an axiomatic method, the concept of efficiency of fleet was studied within broader category of productivity and in wider scales - within agriculture. The most general and obvious statements according to which efficiency of machine and tractor fleet is considered as indirectly settlement size counted proceeding from efficiency of agricultural production, were accepted as axioms. In general, efficiency is a ratio between productivity of an object in question and that of the theoretical ideal or an object with maximum productivity efficiency of which is accepted equal to unity or 100%. Technical efficiency of agricultural production characterizes the ability of an agricultural sector to produce the technically maximum output of agricultural produce obtained from the available resources (land, labor, machines, etc.). Price efficiency evaluates the ability of an agricultural sector to produce output of agricultural produce with regard to employing the optimal mix of resources given their prices. Because the theoretical ideal does not exist, efficiency of an agricultural sector, e.g. in Russia and of its fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors, is measured against agriculture of another country with maximum productivity efficiency of which is accepted as equal to unity or 100 percent. The calculation can be made on the basis of the Data Envelopment Analysis method. It is possible to calculate price and economic efficiency of Russian agriculture (fleet of agricultural machinery and tractors) due to use its domestic prices.