Evolution of Machinery and Working Units for Feed Preparation in Livestock Production

The article presents a historical analysis of the evolution of machinery and working units used in feed preparation. (Research purpose) To identify the key stages in the development of machinery for feed preparation and distribution and to classify the working units of modern feed mixer-distributors. (Materials and methods) The study is based on historical scientific sources and informational materials and applies an analytical method. (Results and discussion) The study identifies four main periods in the development of feed preparation technology, in particular, the pre-industrial period, the period of primary mechanization, the period of integrated mechanization, and the period of automation and robotization. During the pre-industrial period (until the end of the 18th century), the technological base was limited to manual labor. From the 19th century to the mid-20th century, a technological breakthrough occurred, characterized by the primary mechanization of tools and the emergence of machines with mechanical drives. This stage marked the beginning of serial production of machines designed for specific operations. In the early stages of integrated mechanization of feed distribution equipment (1950–1980), stationary and mobile conveyors were used, which required the participation of personnel. Since the 1990s, technological development has been associated with the introduction of machines combining feed preparation and distribution functions. From the late 20th century to the present, the technological transformation of the sector has progressed toward automation and robotization, including the use of intelligent systems that integrate precise dosing, adaptive feed mixing, and machine vision technologies to ensure accurate feed distribution. The analysis of modern machinery made it possible to develop a classification of the working units of feed mixer-distributors. (Conclusions) The historical analysis revealed four successive technological periods, each characterized by a new level of integration and a different source of applied energy. The development of working units progressed from simple single-function elements to combined designs (auger–knife systems). The proposed classification of feed mixer-distributor working units systematizes the main structural types of knives. The need for import substitution creates an urgent scientific and technical challenge related to the development of competitive domestic working units, suitable manufacturing materials, and effective strengthening technologies.

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