Mathematical Framework for a Heat Stress Control System Integrating Behavioral Markers

Heat stress presents a significant challenge in livestock farming, leading to decreased productivity, impaired reproductive performance, and increased morbidity. In the context of global warming, the need for effective systems to monitor and regulate the microclimate in animal environments is becoming increasingly important. (Research purpose) The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical framework and control algorithms for a system that regulates heat stress levels based on ethological indicators. (Materials and methods) A systematic analysis was conducted on the ethological responses of cattle based on observation of 20 dairy cows. The study included the assessment of behavioral markers, physiological parameters, and microclimatic conditions. Heat stress levels were evaluated using the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). (Results and discussion) The study identified 10 dominant behavioral markers of heat stress out of 16 possible, including elevated heart rate, reduced digestive activity, increased food selectivity, increased water intake, rapid breathing, seeking shaded areas, prolonged lying time, alterations in behavior patterns, and suppression of estrus. A mathematical framework was developed, incorporating equations for radiant energy, moisture exchange, relative humidity, air temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration. Additionally, algorithms were designed for the automated analysis of photo and video data to detect ethological indicators of stress. The proposed control system ensures accurate measurement of the Temperature-Humidity Index (±1) and achieves a 25 percent reduction in energy consumption compared to existing systems. (Conclusions) The developed system enables early detection of heat stress symptoms and contributes to mitigating their negative impact on animal productivity and welfare. By integrating microclimate data with behavioral responses, the system offers a comprehensive approach to climate control in livestock housing. The proposed mathematical framework and control algorithms can be incorporated into existing microclimate control systems, thereby improving the economic efficiency of dairy farming under changing climate conditions.

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