Evolution of Grain and Seed Cleaning Equipment in Russia

The authors determined that in the development of grain production technical support, the main role was played by such a system-forming factor as the transition of the country’s grain enterprises to private ownership. Over the past 30 years, private companies and individuals became grain owners (with the exception of a small share). The authors substantiated the necessity for the development of grain-seed cleaning equipment in Russia. They showed the relevance of developing a new scientific and technical policy in the field of machine development support for grain production and its optimal functioning.

(Research purpose) To carry out an evolutionary analysis of grain and seed cleaning equipment development and functioning, to determine the main periods and system-forming factors of its development.

(Materials and methods) The authors applied the historical-analytical method in addition to technical systems. As research objects, they studied the original works of domestic and foreign authors for more than 100 years: monographs, dissertations, reports of research institutions, machine testing stations protocols, scientific journals, conference materials, as well as descriptions for domestic and foreign patent documentation.

(Results and discussion) They described the evolution of grain-seed cleaning equipment development over the past 150 years: from the simplest tools to complex machine systems of industrial flow technologies. The authors presented the main characteristics of grain-seed cleaning machines and indicators of grain mixtures separation by sieves processes at various stages.

(Conclusions) The main system-forming factors influencing the technical support of grain production such as: socio-economic conditions; soil and climatic conditions; science and technology policy; organizational factors were revealed. They substantiated four stages of its development: the first (1870-1930) – the use of the simplest manual machines of foreign production; the second (1930-1950) – the birth of domestic production of grain-seed cleaning equipment; the third (1950-1991) – the transition from the use of separate machines to industrial flow technologies; the fourth (1991 – to the present) – the transition from traditional flow technology to a variety of technologies and machines.

1. Ptushkina G.E., Yakovleva O.V. Ot polya do khleba. [From field to bread]. Moscow: Pishchepromizdat. 2002. 256 (In Russian).

2. Yukish A.E., Il’ina O.A. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya khraneniya zerna [Grain storage technique and technology]. Moscow: DeLi print. 2009. 718 (In Russian).

3. Lekanov S.V., Strikunov N.I. Osnovnye napravleniya razvitiya mobil’noy zernoochistitel’noy tekhniki [The main directions of development of mobile grain cleaning equipment]. Vestnik Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2014. Vol. 116. N6. 120-124.

4. Krasov V.D., Grabel’kovskii N.I. GSKB «Zernoochistka» 50 let [GSKB «Zernoochistka» is 50 years old]. Voronezh: MODEK. 2006. 192 (In Russian).

5. Byushel’ R., Balkov D. Oborudovanie nemetskoy kompanii [Equipment of the German company]. Kombikorma. 2008. N5. 42 (In Russian).

6. Drincha V.M. Issledovanie separatsii semyan i razrabotka mashinnykh tekhnologiy ikh podgotovki: Monografiya [Research of seeds separation and machine technologies development for their preparation: Monograph]. Voronezh: MODEK. 2006. 384 (In Russian).

7. Korn A.M. VIM: ot ruchnoy veyalki do zernoobrabatyvayushchego zavoda – razvitie i realizatsiya tekhnicheskoy mysli po zernoochistke [VIM: from a manual winder to a grain processing plant – the development and implementation of technical ideas for grain cleaning]. Moscow: VIM. 2006. 72 (In Russian).

8. Aniskin V.I., Zyulin A.N. Razvitie zernoochistitel’noy tekhniki [Development of grain cleaning equipment]. Traktory i sel’skokhozyaistvennye mashiny. 2005. N1. 6-8 (In Russian).

9. Ul’rikh N.N. U istokov mekhanizatsii predposevnoy podgotovki semyan i posleuborochnoy obrabotki zerna [At the origins of mechanization of pre-sowing seed preparation and post-harvest grain processing]. Mekhanizatsiya i elektrifika­tsiya sel’skogo khozyaistva. 1980. N4. 19-21 (In Russian).

10. Elizarov V.P., Antyshev N.M., Beylis V.M., Shevtsov V.G. Iskhodnye trebovaniya na tekhnologicheskie operatsii v rastenievodstve [Initial requirements for technological operations in crop production]. Sel’skokhozyaistvennye mashiny i tekhnologii. 2011. Vol. 5. N1. 11-14 (In Russian).

11. Rustam A., Linenko A., Batretdinov I., Tukratov M., Akchurin S. Research of the work of the sieve mill of a grain-cleaning machine with a linear asynchronous drive. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 17. N4. 4348-4363 (In English).

12. Ul’rikh N.N. Metody agronomicheskoy otsenki effektivnosti mashinnogo sortirovaniya semyan [Methods of agronomic evaluation of the effectiveness of machine seeds sorting]. Trudy VIM. 1961. Vol. 30. 304 (In Russian).

13. Drambi U.D., Saeed N.A., Abubakar L.G., Mohammed A.A., Bashir U. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Pedal Operated Paddy Rice Winnower for Small Scale Rural Farmers in Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Qualitative Analysis. 2017. Vol. 3. N8. 37-41 (In English).

14. Mishra A., Sinha J.P., Singh J.K., Tomar B.S. Development of solar powered pneumatic grain/seed cleaning system. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2018. Vol. 88. 1676-1681 (In English).

15. Gregg B., Billups G. Seed conditioning Vol. 1. Management. USA: Science Publishers. 2009. 469 (In English).

16. Okunola A.A., Igbeka J.C., Arisoyin A.G. Development and evaluation of a cereal cleaner. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineerring Science and Technology. 2015. Vol. 2. N6. 1587‑1592.

17. Drincha V.M., Tsench Yu.S. Fundamentals and Prospects for the Technologies Development for Post-Harvest Grain Processing and Seed Preparation. Sel’skokhozyaistvennye mashiny i tekhnologii. 2020. Vol. 14. N4. 17-25 (In Russian).

18. Goli A., Khazaei J., Taheri M., Khojamliand A., Sedaghat A. Effect of mechanical damage on soybean germination. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 3. N10. 48-58 (In English).

19. Govindaraj M., Masilamani P., Asokan D., Rajkumar P., Selvaraju P. Effect of Different Harvesting and Threshing Methods on Seed Quality of Rice Varieties. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017. Vol. 6. N8. 2375-2383 (In English).

20. Sinha J.P., Pandita V.K. Effect of Threshing Methods on Seed Damage, Germinability and Seedling Vigour in Okra cv. Pusa A-4. Seed Research. 2002 Vol. 30. N1. 161-163 (In English).

21. Beylis V.M., Tsench Yu.S., Korotchenya V.M., Starovoy­tov S.I., Kynev N.G. Tendentsii razvitiya progressivnykh mashinnykh tekhnologiy i tekhniki v sel’skokhozyaystvennom proizvodstve [Trends in the development of advanced machine technologies and machinery in agricultural production]. Vestnik VIESH. 2018. N4(33). 150-156 (In Russian).

22. Tsench Yu.S., Maslov G.G., Trubilin E.G. К istorii razvitiya sel’skokhozyaystvennoy tekhniki [On the history of agricultural machinery development]. Bulletin of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. 2018. N3(47). 117-123 (In Russian).