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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vimjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agricultural Machinery and Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7599</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22314/2073-7599-2018-13-2-31-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vimjour-323</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внесение азотных удобрений на лугах и пастбищах: урожайность и риск азотного выщелачивания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nitrogen Fertilization of Grass Leys: Yield Production and Risk of Nitrogen Leaching</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валкама</surname><given-names>Елена</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valkama</surname><given-names>Elena</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">elena.valkama@luke.fi</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ранкинен</surname><given-names>Катри</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rankinen</surname><given-names>Katri</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виркаярви</surname><given-names>Пертту</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Virkajärvi</surname><given-names>Perttu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сало</surname><given-names>Тапио</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salo</surname><given-names>Tapio</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капуинен</surname><given-names>Петри</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapuinen</surname><given-names>Petri</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туртола</surname><given-names>Эйла</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turtola</surname><given-names>Eila</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт природных ресурсов Финляндии (Луке)<country>Финляндия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)<country>Finland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Финский институт окружающей среды<country>Финляндия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Finnish Environmental Institute<country>Finland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Валкама Е., Ранкинен К., Виркаярви П., Сало Т., Капуинен П., Туртола Э., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Валкама Е., Ранкинен К., Виркаярви П., Сало Т., Капуинен П., Туртола Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Valkama E., Rankinen K., Virkajärvi P., Salo T., Kapuinen P., Turtola E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vimsmit.com/jour/article/view/323">https://www.vimsmit.com/jour/article/view/323</self-uri><abstract><p>Реферат. Баланс содержания азота в верхнем слое почвы, рассчитанный как разница между количеством внесенного и остаточного азота, считается основным агроэкологическим показателем, который предоставляет информацию о возможном выносе азота с поверхностными или грунтовыми водами. (Цель исследования) Определить модели зависимости урожайности зеленой массы от количества внесенного азотного удобрения, которые могут быть использованы для минимизации баланса азота и одновременного поддержания высокого урожая трав. (Материалы и методы) На основе мета-анализа осуществили количественную оценку результатов 40 опытов по азотной подкормке многолетних травяных угодий в Финляндии. Изучили влияние неорганического азотного удобрения на урожай трав и баланс азота, а также перспективы снижения потребления азота и баланса азота. Для оценки использовали сопряженную модель тепломассопереноса для систем «почва – растение – атмосфера». Осуществили 12 экспериментов по выщелачиванию азота в северных широтах. Провели лизиметрические исследования. Изучили осушенные участки лугов и пастбищ. (Результаты и обсуждение) Установили, что оптимальное содержание азота в минеральных почвах составляет 230 килограммов на гектар, в органических – 190. В первом случае экономический эффект от внесения азота равен 206 евро на гектар, во втором – 62. (Выводы) Разработали модели влияния на урожайность трав, которые сельхозпроизводители могут использовать в качестве динамического инструмента для регулирования нормы внесения азота, чтобы получить максимальный экономический эффект. Показали, что значения, прогнозируемые с помощью сопряженной модели тепломассопереноса для оценки потерь азота вследствие выщелачивания после внесения минерального азотного удобрения на многолетние травяные угодья, соответствовали низким фактическим показателям, полученным в ходе исследования, которые варьировались от 1,2 до 10-15 килограммов на гектар в год в Финляндии и в северных балтийских странах. Выявили, что возможный риск потерь азота вследствие выщелачивания при использовании только неорганического удобрения представляется менее критичным из-за низкого уровня этого элемента и его слабой связи с балансом азота.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract. The soil surface balance of nitrogen (N), calculated as the difference between N inputs and output, is a principal agri-environmental indicator that provides information on the potential loss of N to surface or groundwater. (Research purpose) Determination of relevant models of yield response to N fertilization could prove helpful in minimizing N balance and simultaneously maintaining high-yield production. (Materials and methods) The authors used meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize 40 N fertilization experiments on perennial grass leys in Finland and assessed the effect of inorganic N fertilization on grass yields and N balances, and further estimated potential to reduce N input and N balances. The relationship was estimated by using the COUP model (a coupled heat and mass transfer model for ‘soilplant-atmosphere’ systems) and by reviewing the 12 Nordic studies on N leaching experiments involving lysimeters and drained field plots. (Results and discussion) It was found that the optimal N content in mineral soils is 230 kilograms per hectare, in organic – 190. In the first case, the economic effect of nitrogen introduction is 206 euro per hectare, in the second one – 62. (Conclusions) The developed yield response models can serve to construct a dynamic tool for growers to adjust N applications for maximizing economic profitability. The authors proved that the values predicted by the COUP model for N leaching losses after the application of mineral N fertilizer to perennial grass leys were in accordance with the low values measured, which ranged from 1.2 to 10-15 kilograms per hectar a year in Finland and in the Nordic-Baltic countries. It was also revealed that a possible risk of N leaching losses when using only inorganic N fertilization seems less crucial due to its low level and weak association with N balances.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>урожайность</kwd><kwd>травяные угодья</kwd><kwd>азотный баланс</kwd><kwd>выщелачивание азота</kwd><kwd>мета-анализ</kwd><kwd>сопряженная модель тепломассопереноса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>yield</kwd><kwd>grass leys</kwd><kwd>nitrogen balance</kwd><kwd>nitrogen leaching</kwd><kwd>meta-analysis</kwd><kwd>coupled heat and mass transfer model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bechmann M., Blicher-Mathiesen G., Kyllmar K., Iital A., Lagzdins A., Salo T. Nitrogen application, balances and their effect on water quality in small catchments in the NordicBaltic countries. Agric. Ecosyst. 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